Method for operating ue related to relay in wireless communication system

ABSTRACT

One embodiment is a method for operating a relay user equipment (UE) related to sidelink relay in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: a relay UE establishing a connection with a remote UE; the relay UE transmitting or receiving a packet related to the remote UE to/from a base station; and the relay UE declaring a radio link failure (RLF), wherein the RLF is related to a Uu link, and the relay UE transmits a message notifying of the RLF to the remote UE, the message being related to a relay reselection trigger.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is the National Stage filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 of International Application No. PCT/KR2021/007725, filed on Jun. 21, 2021, which claims the benefit of earlier filing date and right of priority to Korean Application Nos. 10-2020-0075096, filed on Jun. 19, 2020, and 10-2020-0079699, filed on Jun. 30, 2020, the contents of which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

The present disclosure relates to a wireless communication system, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for enabling a remote UE to perform relay reselection in advance before occurrence of RLF.

BACKGROUND

Wireless communication systems are being widely deployed to provide various types of communication services such as voice and data. In general, a wireless communication system is a multiple access system capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (bandwidth, transmission power, etc.). Examples of the multiple access system include a code division multiple access (CDMA) system, a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) system, a time division multiple access (TDMA) system, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system, and a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) system, and a multi carrier frequency division multiple access (MC-FDMA) system.

A wireless communication system uses various radio access technologies (RATs) such as long term evolution (LTE), LTE-advanced (LTE-A), and wireless fidelity (WiFi). 5th generation (5G) is such a wireless communication system. Three key requirement areas of 5G include (1) enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), (2) massive machine type communication (mMTC), and (3) ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC). Some use cases may require multiple dimensions for optimization, while others may focus only on one key performance indicator (KPI). 5G supports such diverse use cases in a flexible and reliable way.

eMBB goes far beyond basic mobile Internet access and covers rich interactive work, media and entertainment applications in the cloud or augmented reality (AR). Data is one of the key drivers for 5G and in the 5G era, we may for the first time see no dedicated voice service. In 5G, voice is expected to be handled as an application program, simply using data connectivity provided by a communication system. The main drivers for an increased traffic volume are the increase in the size of content and the number of applications requiring high data rates. Streaming services (audio and video), interactive video, and mobile Internet connectivity will continue to be used more broadly as more devices connect to the Internet. Many of these applications require always-on connectivity to push real time information and notifications to users. Cloud storage and applications are rapidly increasing for mobile communication platforms. This is applicable for both work and entertainment. Cloud storage is one particular use case driving the growth of uplink data rates. 5G will also be used for remote work in the cloud which, when done with tactile interfaces, requires much lower end-to-end latencies in order to maintain a good user experience. Entertainment, for example, cloud gaming and video streaming, is another key driver for the increasing need for mobile broadband capacity. Entertainment will be very essential on smart phones and tablets everywhere, including high mobility environments such as trains, cars and airplanes. Another use case is augmented reality (AR) for entertainment and information search, which requires very low latencies and significant instant data volumes.

One of the most expected 5G use cases is the functionality of actively connecting embedded sensors in every field, that is, mMTC. It is expected that there will be 20.4 billion potential Internet of things (IoT) devices by 2020. In industrial IoT, 5G is one of areas that play key roles in enabling smart city, asset tracking, smart utility, agriculture, and security infrastructure.

URLLC includes services which will transform industries with ultra-reliable/available, low latency links such as remote control of critical infrastructure and self-driving vehicles. The level of reliability and latency are vital to smart-grid control, industrial automation, robotics, drone control and coordination, and so on.

Now, multiple use cases will be described in detail.

5G may complement fiber-to-the home (FTTH) and cable-based broadband (or data-over-cable service interface specifications (DOCSIS)) as a means of providing streams at data rates of hundreds of megabits per second to giga bits per second. Such a high speed is required for TV broadcasts at or above a resolution of 4K (6K, 8K, and higher) as well as virtual reality (VR) and AR. VR and AR applications mostly include immersive sport games. A special network configuration may be required for a specific application program. For VR games, for example, game companies may have to integrate a core server with an edge network server of a network operator in order to minimize latency.

The automotive sector is expected to be a very important new driver for 5G, with many use cases for mobile communications for vehicles. For example, entertainment for passengers requires simultaneous high capacity and high mobility mobile broadband, because future users will expect to continue their good quality connection independent of their location and speed. Other use cases for the automotive sector are AR dashboards. These display overlay information on top of what a driver is seeing through the front window, identifying objects in the dark and telling the driver about the distances and movements of the objects. In the future, wireless modules will enable communication between vehicles themselves, information exchange between vehicles and supporting infrastructure and between vehicles and other connected devices (e.g., those carried by pedestrians). Safety systems may guide drivers on alternative courses of action to allow them to drive more safely and lower the risks of accidents. The next stage will be remote-controlled or self-driving vehicles. These require very reliable, very fast communication between different self-driving vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure. In the future, self-driving vehicles will execute all driving activities, while drivers are focusing on traffic abnormality elusive to the vehicles themselves. The technical requirements for self-driving vehicles call for ultra-low latencies and ultra-high reliability, increasing traffic safety to levels humans cannot achieve.

Smart cities and smart homes, often referred to as smart society, will be embedded with dense wireless sensor networks. Distributed networks of intelligent sensors will identify conditions for cost- and energy-efficient maintenance of the city or home. A similar setup can be done for each home, where temperature sensors, window and heating controllers, burglar alarms, and home appliances are all connected wirelessly. Many of these sensors are typically characterized by low data rate, low power, and low cost, but for example, real time high definition (HD) video may be required in some types of devices for surveillance.

The consumption and distribution of energy, including heat or gas, is becoming highly decentralized, creating the need for automated control of a very distributed sensor network. A smart grid interconnects such sensors, using digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information. This information may include information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, allowing the smart grid to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics and sustainability of the production and distribution of fuels such as electricity in an automated fashion. A smart grid may be seen as another sensor network with low delays.

The health sector has many applications that may benefit from mobile communications. Communications systems enable telemedicine, which provides clinical health care at a distance. It helps eliminate distance barriers and may improve access to medical services that would often not be consistently available in distant rural communities. It is also used to save lives in critical care and emergency situations. Wireless sensor networks based on mobile communication may provide remote monitoring and sensors for parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure.

Wireless and mobile communications are becoming increasingly important for industrial applications. Wires are expensive to install and maintain, and the possibility of replacing cables with reconfigurable wireless links is a tempting opportunity for many industries. However, achieving this requires that the wireless connection works with a similar delay, reliability and capacity as cables and that its management is simplified. Low delays and very low error probabilities are new requirements that need to be addressed with 5G

Finally, logistics and freight tracking are important use cases for mobile communications that enable the tracking of inventory and packages wherever they are by using location-based information systems. The logistics and freight tracking use cases typically require lower data rates but need wide coverage and reliable location information.

A wireless communication system is a multiple access system that supports communication of multiple users by sharing available system resources (a bandwidth, transmission power, etc.). Examples of multiple access systems include a CDMA system, an FDMA system, a TDMA system, an OFDMA system, an SC-FDMA system, and an MC-FDMA system.

Sidelink (SL) refers to a communication scheme in which a direct link is established between user equipments (UEs) and the UEs directly exchange voice or data without intervention of a base station (BS). SL is considered as a solution of relieving the BS of the constraint of rapidly growing data traffic.

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is a communication technology in which a vehicle exchanges information with another vehicle, a pedestrian, and infrastructure by wired/wireless communication. V2X may be categorized into four types: vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P). V2X communication may be provided via a PC5 interface and/or a Uu interface.

As more and more communication devices demand larger communication capacities, there is a need for enhanced mobile broadband communication relative to existing RATs. Accordingly, a communication system is under discussion, for which services or UEs sensitive to reliability and latency are considered. The next-generation RAT in which eMBB, MTC, and URLLC are considered is referred to as new RAT or NR. In NR, V2X communication may also be supported.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating V2X communication based on pre-NR RAT and V2X communication based on NR in comparison.

For V2X communication, a technique of providing safety service based on V2X messages such as basic safety message (BSM), cooperative awareness message (CAM), and decentralized environmental notification message (DENM) was mainly discussed in the pre-NR RAT. The V2X message may include location information, dynamic information, and attribute information. For example, a UE may transmit a CAM of a periodic message type and/or a DENM of an event-triggered type to another UE.

For example, the CAM may include basic vehicle information including dynamic state information such as a direction and a speed, vehicle static data such as dimensions, an external lighting state, path details, and so on. For example, the UE may broadcast the CAM which may have a latency less than 100 ms. For example, when an unexpected incident occurs, such as breakage or an accident of a vehicle, the UE may generate the DENM and transmit the DENM to another UE. For example, all vehicles within the transmission range of the UE may receive the CAM and/or the DENM. In this case, the DENM may have priority over the CAM.

In relation to V2X communication, various V2X scenarios are presented in NR. For example, the V2X scenarios include vehicle platooning, advanced driving, extended sensors, and remote driving.

For example, vehicles may be dynamically grouped and travel together based on vehicle platooning. For example, to perform platoon operations based on vehicle platooning, the vehicles of the group may receive periodic data from a leading vehicle. For example, the vehicles of the group may widen or narrow their gaps based on the periodic data.

For example, a vehicle may be semi-automated or full-automated based on advanced driving. For example, each vehicle may adjust a trajectory or maneuvering based on data obtained from a nearby vehicle and/or a nearby logical entity. For example, each vehicle may also share a dividing intention with nearby vehicles.

Based on extended sensors, for example, raw or processed data obtained through local sensor or live video data may be exchanged between vehicles, logical entities, terminals of pedestrians and/or V2X application servers. Accordingly, a vehicle may perceive an advanced environment relative to an environment perceivable by its sensor.

Based on remote driving, for example, a remote driver or a V2X application may operate or control a remote vehicle on behalf of a person incapable of driving or in a dangerous environment. For example, when a path may be predicted as in public transportation, cloud computing-based driving may be used in operating or controlling the remote vehicle. For example, access to a cloud-based back-end service platform may also be used for remote driving.

A scheme of specifying service requirements for various V2X scenarios including vehicle platooning, advanced driving, extended sensors, and remote driving is under discussion in NR-based V2X communication.

SUMMARY

Technical task of embodiment(s) is to provide a method of configuring relay reselection to be performed in advance by informing a remote UE of prescribed information before RLF occurrence.

In one technical aspect of the present disclosure, provided is a method of operating a relay User Equipment related to a sidelink relay in a wireless communication system, the method including establishing, by the relay UE, a connection with a remote UE, transmitting or receiving a packet related to the remote UE by the relay UE, and declaring a Radio Link Failure (RLF) by the relay UE, wherein the RLF may be related to a Uu link, wherein the relay UE may transmit a message informing the remote UE of the RLF, and wherein the message may be related to a relay reselection trigger.

In another technical aspect of the present disclosure, provided is a user equipment in a relay User Equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, the UE including at least one processor and at least one computer memory operably connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions for enabling the at least one processor to perform operations when executed, the operations including establishing, by the relay UE, a connection with a remote UE, transmitting/receiving a packet related to the remote UE to/from a base station by the relay UE, and declaring an RLF by the relay UE, wherein the RLF may be related to a Uu link, wherein the relay UE may transmit a message informing the remote UE of the RLF, and wherein the message may be related to a relay reselection trigger.

In another technical aspect of the present disclosure, provided is a processor performing operations for a relay User Equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, the operations including establishing, by the relay UE, a connection with a remote UE, transmitting/receiving a packet related to the remote UE to/from a base station by the relay UE, and declaring an RLF by the relay UE, wherein the RLF may be related to a Uu link, wherein the relay UE may transmit a message informing the remote UE of the RLF, and wherein the message may be related to a relay reselection trigger.

In further technical aspect of the present disclosure, provided is a storage medium in a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium storing at least one computer program enabling at least one processor to perform operations for a relay UE when executed by the at least one processor, the operations including establishing, by the relay UE, a connection with a remote UE, transmitting/receiving a packet related to the remote UE to/from a base station by the relay UE, and declaring an RLF by the relay UE, wherein the RLF may be related to a Uu link, wherein the relay UE may transmit a message informing the remote UE of the RLF, and wherein the message may be related to a relay reselection trigger.

The RLF may be based on one of a maximum retransmission number, a timer, and an RTT and the transmission of the message may be based on satisfying at least one of prescribed conditions related to the maximum retransmission number, the timer, and the RTT, respectively.

The prescribed conditions respectively related to the maximum retransmission number, the timer, and the RTT may be configured to be satisfied before the RLF related to the Uu link is declared.

The RLF may be based on the relay UE failing to receive an ACK from the base station until a first maximum retransmission number related to the Uu link is reached, and the prescribed condition may be that the relay UE fails to receive the ACK from the base station until a second maximum retransmission number related to a sidelink is reached.

The second maximum retransmission number may be smaller than the first maximum retransmission number.

The RLF may be based on an occurrence of Out-of-Synch corresponding to a first value while a first timer is operating, and the prescribed condition may be that Out-of-Synch corresponding to a second value occurs while a second timer is operating.

The second timer may be shorter than the first timer and the second value may be smaller than the first value.

The RLF may be based on exceeding a first RTT timer and the prescribed condition may be that a second RTT timer is exceeded.

The second RTT timer may be shorter than the first RTT timer.

The UE may communicate with at least one of another UE, a UE related to an autonomous vehicle, a base station, or a network.

According to one embodiment, a remote UE may be enabled to select a more reliably relay UE before a real link fails.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the disclosure and together with the description serve to explain the principle of the disclosure. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a diagram comparing vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication based on pre-new radio access technology (pre-NR) with V2X communication based on NR;

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the structure of a long term evolution (LTE) system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating user-plane and control-plane radio protocol architectures according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the structure of an NR system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating functional split between a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) and a 5th generation core network (5GC) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the structure of an NR radio frame to which embodiment(s) of the present disclosure is applicable;

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a slot structure of an NR frame according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating radio protocol architectures for sidelink (SL) communication according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating radio protocol architectures for SL communication according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 illustrates a procedure in which a UE performs V2X or SL communication according to a transmission mode according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 11 to 16 are diagrams to describe embodiment(s); and

FIGS. 17 to 23 are diagrams illustrating various devices to which embodiment(s) may be applicable.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, “/” and “,” should be interpreted as “and/or”. For example, “A/B” may mean “A and/or B”. Further, “A, B” may mean “A and/or B”. Further, “A/B/C” may mean “at least one of A, B and/or C”. Further, “A, B, C” may mean “at least one of A, B and/or C”.

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, “or” should be interpreted as “and/or”. For example, “A or B” may include “only A”, “only B”, and/or “both A and B”. In other words, “or” should be interpreted as “additionally or alternatively”.

Techniques described herein may be used in various wireless access systems such as code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single carrier-frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), and so on. CDMA may be implemented as a radio technology such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA may be implemented as a radio technology such as global system for mobile communications (GSM)/general packet radio service (GPRS)/Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). OFDMA may be implemented as a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, evolved-UTRA (E-UTRA), or the like. IEEE 802.16m is an evolution of IEEE 802.16e, offering backward compatibility with an IRRR 802.16e-based system. UTRA is a part of universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) is a part of evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using evolved UTRA (E-UTRA). 3GPP LTE employs OFDMA for downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA for uplink (UL). LTE-advanced (LTE-A) is an evolution of 3GPP LTE.

A successor to LTE-A, 5th generation (5G) new radio access technology (NR) is a new clean-state mobile communication system characterized by high performance, low latency, and high availability. 5G NR may use all available spectral resources including a low frequency band below 1 GHz, an intermediate frequency band between 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and a high frequency (millimeter) band of 24 GHz or above.

While the following description is given mainly in the context of LTE-A or 5G NR for the clarity of description, the technical idea of an embodiment of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

FIG. 2 illustrates the structure of an LTE system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. This may also be called an evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) or LTE/LTE-A system.

Referring to FIG. 2 , the E-UTRAN includes evolved Node Bs (eNBs) 20 which provide a control plane and a user plane to UEs 10. A UE 10 may be fixed or mobile, and may also be referred to as a mobile station (MS), user terminal (UT), subscriber station (SS), mobile terminal (MT), or wireless device. An eNB 20 is a fixed station communication with the UE 10 and may also be referred to as a base station (BS), a base transceiver system (BTS), or an access point.

eNBs 20 may be connected to each other via an X2 interface. An eNB 20 is connected to an evolved packet core (EPC) 39 via an S1 interface. More specifically, the eNB 20 is connected to a mobility management entity (MME) via an S1 -MME interface and to a serving gateway (S-GW) via an S1-U interface.

The EPC 30 includes an MME, an S-GW, and a packet data network-gateway (P-GW). The MME has access information or capability information about UEs, which are mainly used for mobility management of the UEs. The S-GW is a gateway having the E-UTRAN as an end point, and the P-GW is a gateway having a packet data network (PDN) as an end point.

Based on the lowest three layers of the open system interconnection (OSI) reference model known in communication systems, the radio protocol stack between a UE and a network may be divided into Layer 1 (L1), Layer 2 (L2) and Layer 3 (L3). These layers are defined in pairs between a UE and an Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), for data transmission via the Uu interface. The physical (PHY) layer at L1 provides an information transfer service on physical channels. The radio resource control (RRC) layer at L3 functions to control radio resources between the UE and the network. For this purpose, the RRC layer exchanges RRC messages between the UE and an eNB.

FIG. 3(a) illustrates a user-plane radio protocol architecture according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3(b) illustrates a control-plane radio protocol architecture according to an embodiment of the disclosure. A user plane is a protocol stack for user data transmission, and a control plane is a protocol stack for control signal transmission.

Referring to FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b), the PHY layer provides an information transfer service to its higher layer on physical channels. The PHY layer is connected to the medium access control (MAC) layer through transport channels and data is transferred between the MAC layer and the PHY layer on the transport channels. The transport channels are divided according to features with which data is transmitted via a radio interface.

Data is transmitted on physical channels between different PHY layers, that is, the PHY layers of a transmitter and a receiver. The physical channels may be modulated in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and use time and frequencies as radio resources.

The MAC layer provides services to a higher layer, radio link control (RLC) on logical channels. The MAC layer provides a function of mapping from a plurality of logical channels to a plurality of transport channels. Further, the MAC layer provides a logical channel multiplexing function by mapping a plurality of logical channels to a single transport channel. A MAC sublayer provides a data transmission service on the logical channels.

The RLC layer performs concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly for RLC serving data units (SDUs). In order to guarantee various quality of service (QoS) requirements of each radio bearer (RB), the RLC layer provides three operation modes, transparent mode (TM), unacknowledged mode (UM), and acknowledged Mode (AM). An AM RLC provides error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ).

The RRC layer is defined only in the control plane and controls logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels in relation to configuration, reconfiguration, and release of RBs. An RB refers to a logical path provided by L1 (the PHY layer) and L2 (the MAC layer, the RLC layer, and the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer), for data transmission between the UE and the network.

The user-plane functions of the PDCP layer include user data transmission, header compression, and ciphering. The control-plane functions of the PDCP layer include control-plane data transmission and ciphering/integrity protection.

RB establishment amounts to a process of defining radio protocol layers and channel features and configuring specific parameters and operation methods in order to provide a specific service. RBs may be classified into two types, signaling radio bearer (SRB) and data radio bearer (DRB). The SRB is used as a path in which an RRC message is transmitted on the control plane, whereas the DRB is used as a path in which user data is transmitted on the user plane.

Once an RRC connection is established between the RRC layer of the UE and the RRC layer of the E-UTRAN, the UE is placed in RRC CONNECTED state, and otherwise, the UE is placed in RRC IDLE state. In NR, RRC INACTIVE state is additionally defined. A UE in the RRC INACTIVE state may maintain a connection to a core network, while releasing a connection from an eNB.

DL transport channels carrying data from the network to the UE include a broadcast channel (BCH) on which system information is transmitted and a DL shared channel (DL SCH) on which user traffic or a control message is transmitted. Traffic or a control message of a DL multicast or broadcast service may be transmitted on the DL-SCH or a DL multicast channel (DL MCH). UL transport channels carrying data from the UE to the network include a random access channel (RACH) on which an initial control message is transmitted and an UL shared channel (UL SCH) on which user traffic or a control message is transmitted.

The logical channels which are above and mapped to the transport channels include a broadcast control channel (BCCH), a paging control channel (PCCH), a common control channel (CCCH), a multicast control channel (MCCH), and a multicast traffic channel (MTCH).

A physical channel includes a plurality of OFDM symbol in the time domain by a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain. One subframe includes a plurality of OFDM symbols in the time domain. An RB is a resource allocation unit defined by a plurality of OFDM symbols by a plurality of subcarriers. Further, each subframe may use specific subcarriers of specific OFDM symbols (e.g., the first OFDM symbol) in a corresponding subframe for a physical DL control channel (PDCCH), that is, an L1/L2 control channel. A transmission time interval (TTI) is a unit time for subframe transmission.

FIG. 4 illustrates the structure of an NR system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 4 , a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) may include a next generation Node B (gNB) and/or an eNB, which provides user-plane and control-plane protocol termination to a UE. In FIG. 4 , the NG-RAN is shown as including only gNBs, by way of example. A gNB and an eNB are connected to each other via an Xn interface. The gNB and the eNB are connected to a 5G core network (5GC) via an NG interface. More specifically, the gNB and the eNB are connected to an access and mobility management function (AMF) via an NG-C interface and to a user plane function (UPF) via an NG-U interface.

FIG. 5 illustrates functional split between the NG-RAN and the 5GC according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 5 , a gNB may provide functions including inter-cell radio resource management (RRM), radio admission control, measurement configuration and provision, and dynamic resource allocation. The AMF may provide functions such as non-access stratum (NAS) security and idle-state mobility processing. The UPF may provide functions including mobility anchoring and protocol data unit (PDU) processing. A session management function (SMF) may provide functions including UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and PDU session control.

FIG. 6 illustrates a radio frame structure in NR, to which embodiment(s) of the present disclosure is applicable.

Referring to FIG. 6 , a radio frame may be used for UL transmission and DL transmission in NR. A radio frame is 10 ms in length, and may be defined by two 5-ms half-frames. An HF may include five 1-ms subframes. A subframe may be divided into one or more slots, and the number of slots in an SF may be determined according to a subcarrier spacing (SCS). Each slot may include 12 or 14 OFDM(A) symbols according to a cyclic prefix (CP).

In a normal CP (NCP) case, each slot may include 14 symbols, whereas in an extended CP (ECP) case, each slot may include 12 symbols. Herein, a symbol may be an OFDM symbol (or CP-OFDM symbol) or an SC-FDMA symbol (or DFT-s-OFDM symbol).

Table 1 below lists the number of symbols per slot Nslotsymb, the number of slots per frame Nframe,uslot, and the number of slots per subframe Nsubframe,uslot according to an SCS configuration a in the NCP case.

TABLE 1 SCS (15*2u) N^(slot) _(symb) N^(frame, u) _(slot) N^(subframe, u) _(slot) 15 KHz (u = 0) 14 10 1 30 KHz (u = 1) 14 20 2 60 KHz (u = 2) 14 40 4 120 KHz (u = 3) 14 80 8 240 KHz (u = 4) 14 160 16

Table 2 below lists the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per frame, and the number of slots per subframe according to an SCS in the ECP case.

TABLE 2 SCS (15*2{circumflex over ( )}u) N^(slot) _(symb) N^(frame, u) _(slot) N^(subframe, u) _(slot) 60 KHz (u = 2) 12 40 4

In the NR system, different OFDM(A) numerologies (e.g., SCSs, CP lengths, and so on) may be configured for a plurality of cells aggregated for one UE. Accordingly, the (absolute time) duration of a time resource including the same number of symbols (e.g., a subframe, slot, or TTI) (collectively referred to as a time unit (TU) for convenience) may be configured to be different for the aggregated cells.

In NR, various numerologies or SCSs may be supported to support various 5G services. For example, with an SCS of 15 kHz, a wide area in traditional cellular bands may be supported, while with an SCS of 30 kHz/60 kHz, a dense urban area, a lower latency, and a wide carrier bandwidth may be supported. With an SCS of 60 kHz or higher, a bandwidth larger than 24.25 GHz may be supported to overcome phase noise.

An NR frequency band may be defined by two types of frequency ranges, FR1 and FR2. The numerals in each frequency range may be changed. For example, the two types of frequency ranges may be given in [Table 3]. In the NR system, FR1 may be a “sub 6 GHz range” and FR2 may be an “above 6 GHz range” called millimeter wave (mmW).

TABLE 3 Frequency Range Corresponding Subcarrier designation frequency range Spacing (SCS) FR1  450 MHz-6000 MHz 15, 30, 60 kHz FR2 24250 MHz-52600 MHz 60, 120, 240 kHz

As mentioned above, the numerals in a frequency range may be changed in the NR system. For example, FR1 may range from 410 MHz to 7125 MHz as listed in [Table 4]. That is, FR1 may include a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, and 5925 MHz) or above. For example, the frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, and 5925 MHz) or above may include an unlicensed band. The unlicensed band may be used for various purposes, for example, vehicle communication (e.g., autonomous driving).

TABLE 4 Frequency Range Corresponding Subcarrier designation frequency range Spacing (SCS) FR1  410 MHz-7125 MHz 15, 30, 60 kHz FR2 24250 MHz-52600 MHz 60, 120, 240 kHz

FIG. 7 illustrates a slot structure in an NR frame according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 7 , a slot includes a plurality of symbols in the time domain. For example, one slot may include 14 symbols in an NCP case and 12 symbols in an ECP case. Alternatively, one slot may include 7 symbols in an NCP case and 6 symbols in an ECP case.

A carrier includes a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain. An RB may be defined by a plurality of (e.g., 12) consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. A bandwidth part (BWP) may be defined by a plurality of consecutive (physical) RBs ((P)RBs) in the frequency domain and correspond to one numerology (e.g., SCS, CP length, or the like). A carrier may include up to N (e.g., 5) BWPs. Data communication may be conducted in an activated BWP. Each element may be referred to as a resource element (RE) in a resource grid, to which one complex symbol may be mapped.

A radio interface between UEs or a radio interface between a UE and a network may include L1, L2, and L3. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, L1 may refer to the PHY layer. For example, L2 may refer to at least one of the MAC layer, the RLC layer, the PDCH layer, or the SDAP layer. For example, L3 may refer to the RRC layer.

Now, a description will be given of sidelink (SL) communication.

FIG. 8 illustrates a radio protocol architecture for SL communication according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 8(a) illustrates a user-plane protocol stack in LTE, and FIG. 8(b) illustrates a control-plane protocol stack in LTE.

FIG. 9 illustrates a radio protocol architecture for SL communication according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 9(a) illustrates a user-plane protocol stack in NR, and FIG. 9(b) illustrates a control-plane protocol stack in NR.

Resource allocation in SL will be described below.

FIG. 10 illustrates a procedure of performing V2X or SL communication according to a transmission mode in a UE according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a transmission mode may also be referred to as a mode or a resource allocation mode. For the convenience of description, a transmission mode in LTE may be referred to as an LTE transmission mode, and a transmission mode in NR may be referred to as an NR resource allocation mode.

For example, FIG. 10(a) illustrates a UE operation related to LTE transmission mode 1 or LTE transmission mode 3. Alternatively, for example, FIG. 10(a) illustrates a UE operation related to NR resource allocation mode 1. For example, LTE transmission mode 1 may be applied to general SL communication, and LTE transmission mode 3 may be applied to V2X communication.

For example, FIG. 10(b) illustrates a UE operation related to LTE transmission mode 2 or LTE transmission mode 4. Alternatively, for example, FIG. 10(b) illustrates a UE operation related to NR resource allocation mode 2.

Referring to FIG. 10(a), in LTE transmission mode 1, LTE transmission mode 3, or NR resource allocation mode 1, a BS may schedule SL resources to be used for SL transmission of a UE. For example, the BS may perform resource scheduling for UE1 through a PDCCH (more specifically, DL control information (DCI)), and UE1 may perform V2X or SL communication with UE2 according to the resource scheduling. For example, UE1 may transmit sidelink control information (SCI) to UE2 on a PSCCH, and then transmit data based on the SCI to UE2 on a PSSCH.

For example, in NR resource allocation mode 1, a UE may be provided with or allocated resources for one or more SL transmissions of one transport block (TB) by a dynamic grant from the BS. For example, the BS may provide the UE with resources for transmission of a PSCCH and/or a PSSCH by the dynamic grant. For example, a transmitting UE may report an SL hybrid automatic repeat request (SL HARQ) feedback received from a receiving UE to the BS. In this case, PUCCH resources and a timing for reporting the SL HARQ feedback to the BS may be determined based on an indication in a PDCCH, by which the BS allocates resources for SL transmission.

For example, the DCI may indicate a slot offset between the DCI reception and a first SL transmission scheduled by the DCI. For example, a minimum gap between the DCI that schedules the SL transmission resources and the resources of the first scheduled SL transmission may not be smaller than a processing time of the UE.

For example, in NR resource allocation mode 1, the UE may be periodically provided with or allocated a resource set for a plurality of SL transmissions through a configured grant from the BS. For example, the grant to be configured may include configured grant type 1 or configured grant type 2. For example, the UE may determine a TB to be transmitted in each occasion indicated by a given configured grant.

For example, the BS may allocate SL resources to the UE in the same carrier or different carriers.

For example, an NR gNB may control LTE-based SL communication. For example, the NR gNB may transmit NR DCI to the UE to schedule LTE SL resources. In this case, for example, a new RNTI may be defined to scramble the NR DCI. For example, the UE may include an NR SL module and an LTE SL module.

For example, after the UE including the NR SL module and the LTE SL module receives NR SL DCI from the gNB, the NR SL module may convert the NR SL DCI into LTE DCI type 5A, and transmit LTE DCI type 5A to the LTE SL module every Xms. For example, after the LTE SL module receives LTE DCI format 5A from the NR SL module, the LTE SL module may activate and/or release a first LTE subframe after Z ms. For example, X may be dynamically indicated by a field of the DCI. For example, a minimum value of X may be different according to a UE capability. For example, the UE may report a single value according to its UE capability. For example, X may be positive.

Referring to FIG. 10(b), in LTE transmission mode 2, LTE transmission mode 4, or NR resource allocation mode 2, the UE may determine SL transmission resources from among SL resources preconfigured or configured by the BS/network. For example, the preconfigured or configured SL resources may be a resource pool. For example, the UE may autonomously select or schedule SL transmission resources. For example, the UE may select resources in a configured resource pool on its own and perform SL communication in the selected resources. For example, the UE may select resources within a selection window on its own by a sensing and resource (re)selection procedure. For example, the sensing may be performed on a subchannel basis. UE1, which has autonomously selected resources in a resource pool, may transmit SCI to UE2 on a PSCCH and then transmit data based on the SCI to UE2 on a PSSCH.

For example, a UE may help another UE with SL resource selection. For example, in NR resource allocation mode 2, the UE may be configured with a grant configured for SL transmission. For example, in NR resource allocation mode 2, the UE may schedule SL transmission for another UE. For example, in NR resource allocation mode 2, the UE may reserve SL resources for blind retransmission.

For example, in NR resource allocation mode 2, UE1 may indicate the priority of SL transmission to UE2 by SCI. For example, UE2 may decode the SCI and perform sensing and/or resource (re)selection based on the priority. For example, the resource (re)selection procedure may include identifying candidate resources in a resource selection window by UE2 and selecting resources for (re)transmission from among the identified candidate resources by UE2. For example, the resource selection window may be a time interval during which the UE selects resources for SL transmission. For example, after UE2 triggers resource (re)selection, the resource selection window may start at T10, and may be limited by the remaining packet delay budget of UE2. For example, when specific resources are indicated by the SCI received from UE1 by the second UE and an L1 SL reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement of the specific resources exceeds an SL RSRP threshold in the step of identifying candidate resources in the resource selection window by UE2, UE2 may not determine the specific resources as candidate resources. For example, the SL RSRP threshold may be determined based on the priority of SL transmission indicated by the SCI received from UE1 by UE2 and the priority of SL transmission in the resources selected by UE2.

For example, the L1 SL RSRP may be measured based on an SL demodulation reference signal (DMRS). For example, one or more PSSCH DMRS patterns may be configured or preconfigured in the time domain for each resource pool. For example, PDSCH DMRS configuration type 1 and/or type 2 may be identical or similar to a PSSCH DMRS pattern in the frequency domain. For example, an accurate DMRS pattern may be indicated by the SCI. For example, in NR resource allocation mode 2, the transmitting UE may select a specific DMRS pattern from among DMRS patterns configured or preconfigured for the resource pool.

For example, in NR resource allocation mode 2, the transmitting UE may perform initial transmission of a TB without reservation based on the sensing and resource (re)selection procedure. For example, the transmitting UE may reserve SL resources for initial transmission of a second TB using SCI associated with a first TB based on the sensing and resource (re)selection procedure.

For example, in NR resource allocation mode 2, the UE may reserve resources for feedback-based PSSCH retransmission through signaling related to a previous transmission of the same TB. For example, the maximum number of SL resources reserved for one transmission, including a current transmission, may be 2, 3 or 4. For example, the maximum number of SL resources may be the same regardless of whether HARQ feedback is enabled. For example, the maximum number of HARQ (re)transmissions for one TB may be limited by a configuration or preconfiguration. For example, the maximum number of HARQ (re)transmissions may be up to 32. For example, if there is no configuration or preconfiguration, the maximum number of HARQ (re)transmissions may not be specified. For example, the configuration or preconfiguration may be for the transmitting UE. For example, in NR resource allocation mode 2, HARQ feedback for releasing resources which are not used by the UE may be supported.

For example, in NR resource allocation mode 2, the UE may indicate one or more subchannels and/or slots used by the UE to another UE by SCI. For example, the UE may indicate one or more subchannels and/or slots reserved for PSSCH (re)transmission by the UE to another UE by SCI. For example, a minimum allocation unit of SL resources may be a slot. For example, the size of a subchannel may be configured or preconfigured for the UE.

SCI will be described below.

While control information transmitted from a BS to a UE on a PDCCH is referred to as DCI, control information transmitted from one UE to another UE on a PSCCH may be referred to as SCI. For example, the UE may know the starting symbol of the PSCCH and/or the number of symbols in the PSCCH before decoding the PSCCH. For example, the SCI may include SL scheduling information. For example, the UE may transmit at least one SCI to another UE to schedule the PSSCH. For example, one or more SCI formats may be defined.

For example, the transmitting UE may transmit the SCI to the receiving UE on the PSCCH. The receiving UE may decode one SCI to receive the PSSCH from the transmitting UE.

For example, the transmitting UE may transmit two consecutive SCIs (e.g., 2-stage SCI) on the PSCCH and/or PSSCH to the receiving UE. The receiving UE may decode the two consecutive SCIs (e.g., 2-stage SCI) to receive the PSSCH from the transmitting UE. For example, when SCI configuration fields are divided into two groups in consideration of a (relatively) large SCI payload size, SCI including a first SCI configuration field group is referred to as first SCI. SCI including a second SCI configuration field group may be referred to as second SCI. For example, the transmitting UE may transmit the first SCI to the receiving UE on the PSCCH. For example, the transmitting UE may transmit the second SCI to the receiving UE on the PSCCH and/or PSSCH. For example, the second SCI may be transmitted to the receiving UE on an (independent) PSCCH or on a PSSCH in which the second SCI is piggybacked to data. For example, the two consecutive SCIs may be applied to different transmissions (e.g., unicast, broadcast, or groupcast).

For example, the transmitting UE may transmit all or part of the following information to the receiving UE by SCI. For example, the transmitting UE may transmit all or part of the following information to the receiving UE by first SCI and/or second SCI.

-   -   PSSCH-related and/or PSCCH-related resource allocation         information, for example, the positions/number of time/frequency         resources, resource reservation information (e.g. a         periodicity), and/or     -   an SL channel state information (CSI) report request indicator         or SL (L1) RSRP (and/or SL (L1) reference signal received         quality (RSRQ) and/or SL (L1) received signal strength indicator         (RSSI)) report request indicator, and/or     -   an SL CSI transmission indicator (on PSSCH) (or SL (L1) RSRP         (and/or SL (L1) RSRQ and/or SL (L1) RSSI) information         transmission indicator), and/or     -   MCS information, and/or     -   transmission power information, and/or     -   L1 destination ID information and/or L1 source ID information,         and/or     -   SL HARQ process ID information, and/or     -   new data indicator (NDI) information, and/or     -   redundancy version (RV) information, and/or     -   QoS information (related to transmission traffic/packet), for         example, priority information, and/or     -   an SL CSI-RS transmission indicator or information about the         number of SL CSI-RS antenna ports (to be transmitted);     -   location information about a transmitting UE or location (or         distance area) information about a target receiving UE         (requested to transmit an SL HARQ feedback), and/or     -   RS (e.g., DMRS or the like) information related to decoding         and/or channel estimation of data transmitted on a PSSCH, for         example, information related to a pattern of (time-frequency)         mapping resources of the DMRS, rank information, and antenna         port index information.

For example, the first SCI may include information related to channel sensing. For example, the receiving UE may decode the second SCI using the PSSCH DMRS. A polar code used for the PDCCH may be applied to the second SCI. For example, the payload size of the first SCI may be equal for unicast, groupcast and broadcast in a resource pool. After decoding the first SCI, the receiving UE does not need to perform blind decoding on the second SCI. For example, the first SCI may include scheduling information about the second SCI.

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, since the transmitting UE may transmit at least one of the SCI, the first SCI, or the second SCI to the receiving UE on the PSCCH, the PSCCH may be replaced with at least one of the SCI, the first SCI, or the second SC. Additionally or alternatively, for example, the SCI may be replaced with at least one of the PSCCH, the first SCI, or the second SCI. Additionally or alternatively, for example, since the transmitting UE may transmit the second SCI to the receiving UE on the PSSCH, the PSSCH may be replaced with the second SCI.

Meanwhile, in NE-to-Network Relay, relay UE selection of a remote UE is performed through a discovery message. A relay UE and a gNB are in a connected state, and a remote UE searching for the relay UE broadcasts a discovery message. In doing so, schemes for sending discovery messages include a model A and a model B, where the model A is a method of finding a relay UE by periodically broadcasting discovery messages by a remote UE (FIG. 11 2 a), and the model B is a method of if a relay UE broadcasts a discovery solicitation message, responding with a discovery message by a surrounding remote UE having heard it (FIG. 11 2 b). In this case, a UE that may be the relay UE may be selected as a UE whose measured signal (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.) with a gNB falls within a predetermined threshold range.

When the remote UE selects a relay UE initially, the relay UE may include a n UE that satisfies a good communication quality of at least a predetermined level with the gNB. However, due to time lapse and the like, a quality of a communication channel between the relay UE and the gNB may deteriorate (for example, the relay UE may move), whereby the relay UE may include a UE that is no longer suitable for operating as a relay UE. In such cases, the remote UE should be informed of the corresponding matter so that the remote UE should be allowed to determine whether to reselect a relay UE.

In the case of Uplink (UL), the relay UE receives data from the remote UE, and needs a UL-grant (uplink grant) to forward it to the gNB. The relay UE having received the UL-grant from the gNB may transmit data received from the remote UE with the corresponding grant. If the gNB fails to receive the transmitted data, the gNB may transmit a NACK to the relay UE, and the relay UE may request a UL-grant (e.g., a dynamic grant) for retransmission. Yet, if the gNB still fails to receive the data transmitted by the relay UE, a series of processes for retransmission (e.g., requesting a UL-grant and transmitting data on the corresponding grant) may be repeated. Currently, there is no predetermined value for the number of retransmissions in a Uu link, and follows the implementation of the gNB. Therefore, if it is determined that proper reception is difficult even if further retransmission is attempted for a Transport Block (TB) of which retransmission is currently attempted, the gNB should be able to indicate NDI toggling of the relay UE. The relay UE, which is instructed to perform the NDI toggling, no longer requests a UL-grant for the TB currently attempted to be retransmitted and releases a corresponding HARQ buffer. The relay UE has to be able to inform the remote UE having generated the corresponding TB that the transmission of the TB to the base station has failed through MAC CE/RRC.

In addition, in the case of Downlink (DL), the gNB may transmit data (for the purpose of transmitting data to the remote UE) to the relay UE. When the relay UE fails to decode the data transmitted by the gNB, the relay UE transmits a NACK to the gNB. The gNB may attempt retransmissions several times. Yet, if the gNB keeps receiving the NACKs or becomes a DTX, the gNB may abandon the transmission of the corresponding TB and attempt to a new TB transmission by performing NDI toggling. In this case, the relay UE should be able to inform the remote UE(s) that a failure occurred in the process of receiving data from the gNB.

That is, when the RLF of the Uu link occurs, the relay UE should forward it to the remote UE so that the remote UE can perform relay re-selection. Accordingly, the relay re-selection triggering condition will be described below.

A relay UE according to one embodiment may set up a connection with a remote UE (S1201 in FIG. 12 ), and may transmit or receive packets related to the remote UE to or from a base station (S1202 in FIG. 12 ). The relay UE may declare an RLF (S1203 of FIG. 12 ).

The RLF may be related to a Uu link, the relay UE may transmit a message informing the remote UE of the RLF, and the message may be related to a relay reselection trigger.

The relay UE may transmit a relay selection trigger-related message to the remote UE based on satisfaction of at least one of the prescribed conditions related to each of the maximum number of retransmissions, the timer, and the RTT.

Here, the prescribed conditions related to each of the maximum number of retransmissions, the timer, and the RTT may be configured to be satisfied before the RLF related to the Uu link is declared. In this case, the delay can be reduced as much as possible by allowing the remote UE to perform a relay reselection before the relay UE declares the RLF related to the Uu link. In other words, if the Uu link between the relay UE and the base station is likely to fail (failure case will be described later)/if the data transmission is likely to fail, the remote UE will be informed of it.

Hereinafter, the conditions related to each of the maximum number of retransmissions, the timer, and the RTT will be described in detail.

The RLF is based on the relay UE not receiving an ACK from the base station until a first maximum retransmission number related to a Uu link is reached, and the prescribed condition may be that the relay UE does not receive an ACK from the base station until a second maximum retransmission number related to a side link is reached. Here, the second maximum retransmission number is a value smaller than the first maximum retransmission number, and the first and second maximum retransmission numbers may mean a maximum retransmission number of the RLC. Specifically, if the relay UE does not receive an ACK even after performing retransmission that reaches the maximum retransmission number (the first maximum retransmission number) of the RLC through the Uu link, it may declare an RLF and inform the remote UE of it or indicate a relay selection triggering.

That is, a new maximum retransmission number (i.e., a second maximum retransmission number) for the relay UE is defined. And, if the ACK is not received until the new maximum retransmission number for the relay UE is reached, the relay UE may indicate a relay UE reselection triggering of the remote UE.

The new maximum retransmission number may be configured by the base station for the relay UE through an RRC message based on relay communication-related information (e.g., importance, priority, latency, etc. of a service to be delivered). The new maximum retransmission number may be a value (e.g., a value (integer) equivalent to 80% of the maximum retransmission number used for the existing RLF declaration, etc.) smaller than the maximum retransmission number used for the existing RLF declaration. Namely, if the maximum retransmission number used for the existing RLF declaration is to determine that the Uu link is completely disconnected, the new maximum retransmission number is a value that the remote UE can use to trigger a new relay UE reselection.

The RLF is based on an occurrence of Out-of-Sync corresponding to a first value while a first timer operates, and the prescribed condition may be that Out-of-Sync corresponding to a second value occurs while a second timer operates. Here, the second timer may be shorter than the first timer or the second value may be less than the first value. If OOS (Out-Of-Sync) occurs as much as N310 (first value) during T310 (first timer) in a Uu link between the relay UE and the base station, an RLF is declared. When new N310 and T310 for the relay UE are defined, if OOS occurs as many as the newly defined N310 (second value) during the newly defined T310 (second timer), the relay UE triggers a relay UE reselection to the remote UE. Values of the new T310 and N310 may be configured by the base station for the relay UE through an RRC message based on relay communication-related information (importance, priority, latency, etc. of a service to be delivered) reported by the relay UE to the base station. In this case, the new T310/N310 may be shorter/smaller values (e.g., a value (integer) corresponding to 80% of the T310) than the existing T310/N310. This is because while the existing T310 and N310 are the values for determining whether the Uu link fails, the T310 and N310 newly defined for the relay UE may be used as values for triggering a relay UE reselection of the remote UE before the Uu link of the relay UE fails. In addition, either the second timer or the second value may be set, but both can be set so that the relay UE may separately process the criteria for declaring the failure of the Uu link and the criteria for determining the qualification condition of the relay UE.

In addition, in order for the remote UE to find another candidate relay UE before a Uu link failure occurs actually, a message meaning that the Uu link may possibly fail may be delivered to the remote UE or a relay reselection triggering may be indicated as soon as the T310 timer starts. This may be regarded as a case where the value of the T310 timer for the relay UE, which is newly defined, is 0.

Subsequently, the RLF is based on exceeding a first RTT timer, and the prescribed condition may include exceeding a second RTT timer. And, the second RTT timer may be shorter than the first RTT timer. If DTX occurs in the process of transmitting/receiving data between the relay UE and the gNB, or if the RTT timer operates and exceeds a determined reference value, the relay UE informs the remote UE that an RLF has been declared in the Uu link or indicates a relay reselection triggering. In doing so, the relay UE declares a new RTT timer value for a relay operation.

A relay User Equipment (UE) may include at least one processor and at least one computer memory operably connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions for enabling the at least one processor to perform operations when executed, the operations including establishing, by the relay UE, a connection with a remote UE, transmitting/receiving a packet related to the remote UE to/from a base station by the relay UE, and declaring an RLF by the relay UE, the RLF may be related to a Uu link, the relay UE may transmit a message informing the remote UE of the RLF, and the message may be related to a relay reselection triggering.

In a processor performing operations for a relay User Equipment (UE), the operations may include establishing, by the relay UE, a connection with a remote UE, transmitting/receiving a packet related to the remote UE to/from a base station by the relay UE, and declaring an RLF by the relay UE, the RLF may be related to a Uu link, the relay UE may transmit a message informing the remote UE of the RLF, and the message may be related to a relay reselection triggering.

In a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium storing at least one computer program enabling at least one processor to perform operations for a relay UE when executed by the at least one processor, the operations may include establishing, by the relay UE, a connection with a remote UE, transmitting/receiving a packet related to the remote UE to/from a base station by the relay UE, and declaring an RLF by the relay UE, the RLF may be related to a Uu link, the relay UE may transmit a message informing the remote UE of the RLF, and the message may be related to a relay reselection triggering.

Meanwhile, a channel congestion situation of the Uu link between the relay UE and the gNB and a channel congestion situation of the sidelink between the relay UE and the remote UE may be different from each other. In this case, the relay UE may have to inform the relay UE of the channel congestion situation (e.g., CBR) of the Uu link. For example, if the Uu link is in a high congestion situation and the sidelink is in a low congestion situation, the remote UE will only know the congestion situation of a sidelink channel. In this case, if the relay UE informs the remote UE of the congestion situation of the Uu link, the remote UE may know that the congestion situation is not good until a final destination (e.g., gNB). The congestion situation may be indicated only when a predetermined threshold value is exceeded. In this case, the threshold value may vary depending on QoS of a service to be delivered. The remote UE having received the corresponding information may perform a relay UE reselection triggering according to a preconfigured value.

In addition, if an RSRP/RSRQ value of data received from the gNB via the Uu link becomes smaller/greater than a predetermined value, the relay UE informs the remote UE of it or indicates a relay selection triggering. Alternatively, a new RSRP/RSRQ threshold for the relay UE may exist (by being preconfigured or signaled).

In the case of Uplink (UL), the relay UE receives data from the remote UE, and needs a UL-grant (uplink grant) to forward it to the gNB. The relay UE having received the UL-grant from the gNB may transmit data received from the remote UE with the corresponding grant. If the gNB fails to receive the transmitted data, the gNB may transmit a NACK to the relay UE, and the relay UE may request a UL-grant (e.g., a dynamic grant) for retransmission. Yet, if the gNB still fails to receive the data transmitted by the relay UE, a series of processes for retransmission (e.g., requesting a UL-grant and transmitting data on the corresponding grant) may be repeated. Currently, there is no predetermined value for the number of retransmissions in a Uu link, and follows the implementation of the gNB. Therefore, if it is determined that proper reception is difficult even if further retransmission is attempted for a Transport Block (TB) of which retransmission is currently attempted, the gNB should be able to indicate NDI toggling of the relay UE. The relay UE, which is instructed to perform the NDI toggling, no longer requests a UL-grant for the TB currently attempted to be retransmitted and releases a corresponding HARQ buffer. The relay UE has to be able to inform the remote UE having generated the corresponding TB that the transmission of the TB to the base station has failed through MAC CE/RRC.

In addition, in the case of Downlink (DL), the gNB may transmit data (for the purpose of transmitting data to the remote UE) to the relay UE. When the relay UE fails to decode the data transmitted by the gNB, the relay UE transmits a NACK to the gNB. The gNB may attempt retransmissions several times. Yet, if the gNB keeps receiving the NACKs or becomes a DTX, the gNB may abandon the transmission of the corresponding TB and attempt to a new TB transmission by performing NDI toggling. In this case, the relay UE should be able to inform the remote UE(s) that a failure occurred in the process of receiving data from the gNB.

The relay UE may determine that the Uu link fails based on the number of NACKs and inform the remote UE of the failure occurrence. For example, in case of receiving NACKs more than a predetermined number of NACKs for a transmission TB from the gNB during uplink data transmission, the relay UE may inform the remote UE that uplink transmission is failing in the corresponding TB transmission. In this case, the number of NACKs may vary depending on the importance, priority, and Packet Delay Budget (PDB) of the data to be transmitted. For example, if the priority is high, the remaining PDB is short, or data is important (e.g., BSR, RSRP/CSI reporting, etc.), a reference value of the number of NACKs is set to be small. That is, the remote UE may determine that there is a problem in the Uu link transmission with a small number of NACKs, thereby informing the remote UE of the Uu link status quickly.

Alternatively, rather than simply informing the remote UE that transmission through Uu link is not performed well using the number of NACKs, the history of NACKs may be indicated, thereby informing the remote UE in detail how many times the relay UE has attempted retransmission. The corresponding information may help the remote UE to determine whether to reselect the relay UE.

In addition, by the above-described method/the combination of the methods described above, the relay UE may inform the remote UE that a desired TB is not being properly transmitted/received in Uu link or is unlikely to be properly transmitted/received. Here, ‘not being properly transmitted/received’ includes not only ‘being transmitted/received in a state where decoding is impossible actually but also ‘a case where a desired quality (e.g., latency) is not satisfied’. The relay UE may report a status of the Uu link to the remote UE only when it is determined that the remote UE needs a relay reselection according to the preconfigured condition. The remote UE, which determines that data transmission/reception is not properly performed in Uu link, may perform the following relay reselection operation.

If the status information on the Uu link reported by the remote UE satisfies an initially configured condition, it is possible to find another relay UE and set up a connection to the found relay UE instead of the relay UE that is currently connected. When the initially configured condition is not satisfied or there is no initially configured condition, if the relay UE performs a reporting on a Uu link status, it is able to set up a connection by finding another relay UE instead of the currently connected relay UE. If PDB is sufficient for a currently transmitted TB, a connection with another relay UE may be set up and retransmission may be attempted. In the process of finding another relay UE, if it is determined that the current relay UE is the best, one of the rest of the candidate relay UEs may be randomly selected.

FIG. 13 shows a flowchart related to the above embodiment. Referring to FIG. 13 , a relay UE determines a link quality/status. If there is a problem, the relay UE informs a remote UE of it. The remote UE performs a relay UE reselection procedure (triggering).

Hereinafter, a method of managing a BSR by a relay UE will be described with reference to how to operate in a UE-to-network relay in relation to a Sidelink BSR.

Based on TS 38.300 and TR 38.874, operation as illustrated in FIG. 14 in UE-to-Network Relay is possible for BSR. In the case of FIG. 14 (a), when a BSR is received from a remote UE, a relay UE allocates an SL Grant to the remote UE within a resource pool (or resource set) that can be operated for a relay operation by the relay UE. The resource pool operable for the relay operation may include a value allocated or preconfigured to a UE declared/forced to operate as a relay by a gNB. The remote UE forwards data to be forwarded to a final gNB through an allocated SL Grant. The relay UE having received the data from the remote UE transmits a BSR to forward the corresponding data to the gNB. Like the case of FIG. 14(a), after data of the remote UE has arrived at the relay UE, if the BRS is transmitted to the gNB, such a case may be referred to as a regular BSR. Like the case of FIG. 14(b) or FIG. 14(c), before the data of the remote UE arrives at the relay UE, if the relay UE transmits the BSR to the gNB using the BSR value transmitted by the remote UE, such a case may be referred to as a pre-emptive BSR. Using the pre-emptive BSR has the advantage of reducing latency compared to using the regular BSR.

The BSR MAC CE described above includes a short BSR MAC CE and a long BSR MAC CE, and each form is as illustrated in FIG. 15 . A short BSR MAC CE is used when one logical channel transmits a BSR, and a long BSR MAC CE is used when one or more logical channels transmit a BSR. (TS 38.321)

In this operation, a gNB should be able to determine how much resource pool (/resource set) will be allocated to a relay UE for sidelink communication with a remote UE. For example, if the remote UE(s) connected to the relay UE requests a large amount of resources, the gNB should be able to allocate more resources to the relay UE for relay operation. On the contrary, the gNB should be able to perform an operation of reducing a resource pool for a pre-allocated relay. In addition, the relay UE may have to forward data generated by itself and data forwarded from the remote UE in uplink. From the standpoint of the relay UE, it may be preferred to distinguish between resources allocated to forward data of another UE to the gNB and resources allocated to forward data generated for its necessity to the gNB. For example, in a congestion environment, in an uplink grant for forwarding data forwarded from the remote UE to the gNB and an uplink grant for forwarding data generated for relay UE's own needs to the gNB, an uplink grant resource, which is better in terms of quality/number, for transmitting its own data may be desired to be allocated. Hereinafter, a configuration of an uplink BSR for enabling such an operation is proposed. In the following description, it is assumed that a relay UE receives allocation of a predetermined amount of resource set/resource pool for relay communication from a base station, and that sidelink communication between a remote UE and a relay UE is performed within the allocated resource pool.

As shown in FIG. 16 , a relay UE forwards a SUM/MERGE value of an SL-BSR received from a remote UE(s) to a gNB. In this case, a UL BSR forwarded to the gNB is named ‘Merged-BSR’. Yet, it is not necessarily limited to this name. If the UL BSR corresponds to a BSR transmitted to the gNB by the relay UE based on two or more BSRs received from the remote UE(s), it may be considered as “Merged-BSR” in the present disclosure.

The Merged-BSR may be a value obtained by MERGING/SUMMING an amount of data required for each Logical Channel Group (LCG) of the remote UE(s). The MERGE/SUM value may be obtained by using the sum of the maximum or minimum values of a buffer size allowance for each LCG of SL-BSR received from each remote UE(s).

A timer may be used as a triggering condition of the Merged-BSR. A triggering condition of a general UL-BSR is that when data is generated in an upper layer and a MAC PDU is generated, the BSR is triggered. However, in the relay UE, the Merged-BSR triggering conditions include at least one of the following, including the above condition.

-   -   In the case of receiving an SL-BSR containing an LCG with a         priority of a predetermined value or more from the remote UE, it         is possible to trigger the Merged-BSR generation MERGED/SUMMED         up to now. Or,     -   SL-BSR is received from the remote UE(s) for a prescribed time         (timer use interval), and when the timer expires, the Merged-BSR         generation may be triggered with the value received during that         time.

As another example, the BSR for forwarding the data generated by the relay UE itself is referred to as a general UL-BSR, and the BSR for forwarding the data generated by the remote UE is referred to as a Merged-BSR. Thus, the base station distinguishes the BSR transmitted by the relay UE, thereby performing the following operation.

-   -   An uplink grant for forwarding the data generated by the relay         UE in a congestion situation/situation having a better or worse         channel condition may allocate a resource having a better         quality or more retransmission resources than the uplink grant         for forwarding the data generated by the remote UE.     -   On the contrary, an uplink grant for forwarding data generated         by the remote UE(s) in a congestion situation/situation having a         better or worse channel condition may allocate a resource having         a better quality or more retransmission resources than the         uplink grant for forwarding the data generated by the relay UE.     -   The base station may determine whether a resource amount of a         resource set/resource pool allocated to the current relay UE for         sidelink communication with the remote UE is insufficient         through the Merged-BSR. If it is determined that the relay         resource currently allocated by the relay UE are insufficient to         give an SL-grant to the remote UE, it may be possible to request         an additional resource set/resource pool to the gNB.         Alternatively, through a UL-RM-BSR, the gNB may determine         whether the resource set/resource pool previously allocated to         the relay UE by the gNB is insufficient and allocate additional         resources for relay to the relay UE. Through this, the gNB may         optimize the resource allocation for relay and the resource         allocation for uplink of a general UE.

Examples of Communication Systems Applicable to the Present Disclosure

The various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts of the present disclosure described in this document may be applied to, without being limited to, a variety of fields requiring wireless communication/connection (e.g., 5G) between devices.

Hereinafter, a description will be given in more detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings/description, the same reference symbols may denote the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, or functional blocks unless described otherwise.

FIG. 17 illustrates a communication system 1 applied to the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 17 , a communication system 1 applied to the present disclosure includes wireless devices, BSs, and a network. Herein, the wireless devices represent devices performing communication using RAT (e.g., 5G NR or LTE) and may be referred to as communication/radio/5G devices. The wireless devices may include, without being limited to, a robot 100 a, vehicles 100 b-1 and 100 b-2, an extended reality (XR) device 100 c, a hand-held device 100 d, a home appliance 100 e, an Internet of things (IoT) device 100 f, and an artificial intelligence (AI) device/server 400. For example, the vehicles may include a vehicle having a wireless communication function, an autonomous driving vehicle, and a vehicle capable of performing communication between vehicles. Herein, the vehicles may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device may include an augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR)/mixed reality (MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) mounted in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance device, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The hand-held device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch or a smartglasses), and a computer (e.g., a notebook). The home appliance may include a TV, a refrigerator, and a washing machine. The IoT device may include a sensor and a smartmeter. For example, the BSs and the network may be implemented as wireless devices and a specific wireless device 200 a may operate as a BS/network node with respect to other wireless devices.

The wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may be connected to the network 300 via the BSs 200. An AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f and the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may be connected to the AI server 400 via the network 300. The network 300 may be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, or a 5G (e.g., NR) network. Although the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may communicate with each other through the BSs 200/network 300, the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may perform direct communication (e.g., sidelink communication) with each other without passing through the BSs/network. For example, the vehicles 100 b-1 and 100 b-2 may perform direct communication (e.g. V2V/V2X communication). The IoT device (e.g., a sensor) may perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices 100 a to 100 f.

Wireless communication/connections 150 a, 150 b, or 150 c may be established between the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f/BS 200, or BS 200/BS 200. Herein, the wireless communication/connections may be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR) such as UL/DL communication 150 a, sidelink communication 150 b (or, D2D communication), or inter BS communication (e.g. relay, integrated access backhaul (IAB)). The wireless devices and the BSs/the wireless devices may transmit/receive radio signals to/from each other through the wireless communication/connections 150 a and 150 b. For example, the wireless communication/connections 150 a and 150 b may transmit/receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least a part of various configuration information configuring processes, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, and resource mapping/demapping), and resource allocating processes, for transmitting/receiving radio signals, may be performed based on the various proposals of the present disclosure.

Examples of Wireless Devices Applicable to the Present Disclosure

FIG. 18 illustrates wireless devices applicable to the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 18 , a first wireless device 100 and a second wireless device 200 may transmit radio signals through a variety of RATs (e.g., LTE and NR). Herein, {the first wireless device 100 and the second wireless device 200} may correspond to {the wireless device 100 x and the BS 200} and/or {the wireless device 100 x and the wireless device 100 x} of FIG. 17 .

The first wireless device 100 may include one or more processors 102 and one or more memories 104 and additionally further include one or more transceivers 106 and/or one or more antennas 108. The processor(s) 102 may control the memory(s) 104 and/or the transceiver(s) 106 and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor(s) 102 may process information within the memory(s) 104 to generate first information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the first information/signals through the transceiver(s) 106. The processor(s) 102 may receive radio signals including second information/signals through the transceiver 106 and then store information obtained by processing the second information/signals in the memory(s) 104. The memory(s) 104 may be connected to the processor(s) 102 and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor(s) 102. For example, the memory(s) 104 may store software code including commands for performing a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s) 102 or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Herein, the processor(s) 102 and the memory(s) 104 may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver(s) 106 may be connected to the processor(s) 102 and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas 108. Each of the transceiver(s) 106 may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver(s) 106 may be interchangeably used with Radio Frequency (RF) unit(s). In the present disclosure, the wireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip.

The second wireless device 200 may include one or more processors 202 and one or more memories 204 and additionally further include one or more transceivers 206 and/or one or more antennas 208. The processor(s) 202 may control the memory(s) 204 and/or the transceiver(s) 206 and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor(s) 202 may process information within the memory(s) 204 to generate third information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the third information/signals through the transceiver(s) 206. The processor(s) 202 may receive radio signals including fourth information/signals through the transceiver(s) 106 and then store information obtained by processing the fourth information/signals in the memory(s) 204. The memory(s) 204 may be connected to the processor(s) 202 and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor(s) 202. For example, the memory(s) 204 may store software code including commands for performing a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s) 202 or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Herein, the processor(s) 202 and the memory(s) 204 may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver(s) 206 may be connected to the processor(s) 202 and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas 208. Each of the transceiver(s) 206 may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver(s) 206 may be interchangeably used with RF unit(s). In the present disclosure, the wireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip.

Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless devices 100 and 200 will be described more specifically. One or more protocol layers may be implemented by, without being limited to, one or more processors 102 and 202. For example, the one or more processors 102 and 202 may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, and SDAP). The one or more processors 102 and 202 may generate one or more Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and/or one or more service data unit (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. The one or more processors 102 and 202 may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. The one or more processors 102 and 202 may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document and provide the generated signals to the one or more transceivers 106 and 206. The one or more processors 102 and 202 may receive the signals (e.g., baseband signals) from the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 and acquire the PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.

The one or more processors 102 and 202 may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. The one or more processors 102 and 202 may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. As an example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one or more processors 102 and 202. The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software and the firmware or software may be configured to include the modules, procedures, or functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be included in the one or more processors 102 and 202 or stored in the one or more memories 104 and 204 so as to be driven by the one or more processors 102 and 202. The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, commands, and/or a set of commands.

The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected to the one or more processors 102 and 202 and store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, code, instructions, and/or commands. The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be configured by read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, hard drives, registers, cash memories, computer-readable storage media, and/or combinations thereof. The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be located at the interior and/or exterior of the one or more processors 102 and 202. The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected to the one or more processors 102 and 202 through various technologies such as wired or wireless connection.

The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may transmit user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the methods and/or operational flowcharts of this document, to one or more other devices. The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document, from one or more other devices. For example, the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be connected to the one or more processors 102 and 202 and transmit and receive radio signals. For example, the one or more processors 102 and 202 may perform control so that the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one or more other devices. The one or more processors 102 and 202 may perform control so that the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may receive user data, control information, or radio signals from one or more other devices. The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be connected to the one or more antennas 108 and 208 and the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document, through the one or more antennas 108 and 208. In this document, the one or more antennas may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may convert received radio signals/channels etc. from RF band signals into baseband signals in order to process received user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. using the one or more processors 102 and 202. The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may convert the user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. processed using the one or more processors 102 and 202 from the base band signals into the RF band signals. To this end, the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may include (analog) oscillators and/or filters.

Examples of a Vehicle or an Autonomous Driving Vehicle Applicable to the Present Disclosure

FIG. 19 illustrates a vehicle or an autonomous driving vehicle applied to the present disclosure. The vehicle or autonomous driving vehicle may be implemented by a mobile robot, a car, a train, a manned/unmanned aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, etc.

Referring to FIG. 19 , a vehicle or autonomous driving vehicle 100 may include an antenna unit 108, a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a driving unit 140 a, a power supply unit 140 b, a sensor unit 140 c, and an autonomous driving unit 140 d. The antenna unit 108 may be configured as a part of the communication unit 110.

The communication unit 110 may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data and control signals) to and from external devices such as other vehicles, BSs (e.g., gNBs and road side units), and servers. The control unit 120 may perform various operations by controlling elements of the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle 100. The control unit 120 may include an ECU. The driving unit 140 a may cause the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle 100 to drive on a road. The driving unit 140 a may include an engine, a motor, a powertrain, a wheel, a brake, a steering device, etc. The power supply unit 140 b may supply power to the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle 100 and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. The sensor unit 140 c may acquire a vehicle state, ambient environment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit 140 c may include an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, a slope sensor, a weight sensor, a heading sensor, a position module, a vehicle forward/backward sensor, a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illumination sensor, a pedal position sensor, etc. The autonomous driving unit 140 d may implement technology for maintaining a lane on which a vehicle is driving, technology for automatically adjusting speed, such as adaptive cruise control, technology for autonomously driving along a determined path, technology for driving by automatically setting a path if a destination is set, and the like.

For example, the communication unit 110 may receive map data, traffic information data, etc. from an external server. The autonomous driving unit 140 d may generate an autonomous driving path and a driving plan from the obtained data. The control unit 120 may control the driving unit 140 a such that the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle 100 may move along the autonomous driving path according to the driving plan (e.g., speed/direction control). In the middle of autonomous driving, the communication unit 110 may aperiodically/periodically acquire recent traffic information data from the external server and acquire surrounding traffic information data from neighboring vehicles. In the middle of autonomous driving, the sensor unit 140 c may obtain a vehicle state and/or surrounding environment information. The autonomous driving unit 140 d may update the autonomous driving path and the driving plan based on the newly obtained data/information. The communication unit 110 may transfer information about a vehicle position, the autonomous driving path, and/or the driving plan to the external server. The external server may predict traffic information data using AI technology, etc., based on the information collected from vehicles or autonomous driving vehicles and provide the predicted traffic information data to the vehicles or the autonomous driving vehicles.

Examples of a Vehicle and AR/VR Applicable to the Present Disclosure

FIG. 20 illustrates a vehicle applied to the present disclosure. The vehicle may be implemented as a transport means, an aerial vehicle, a ship, etc.

Referring to FIG. 20 , a vehicle 100 may include a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit 130, an I/O unit 140 a, and a positioning unit 140 b.

The communication unit 110 may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data and control signals) to and from external devices such as other vehicles or BSs. The control unit 120 may perform various operations by controlling constituent elements of the vehicle 100. The memory unit 130 may store data/parameters/programs/code/commands for supporting various functions of the vehicle 100. The I/O unit 140 a may output an AR/VR object based on information within the memory unit 130. The I/O unit 140 a may include an HUD. The positioning unit 140 b may acquire information about the position of the vehicle 100. The position information may include information about an absolute position of the vehicle 100, information about the position of the vehicle 100 within a traveling lane, acceleration information, and information about the position of the vehicle 100 from a neighboring vehicle. The positioning unit 140 b may include a GPS and various sensors.

As an example, the communication unit 110 of the vehicle 100 may receive map information and traffic information from an external server and store the received information in the memory unit 130. The positioning unit 140 b may obtain the vehicle position information through the GPS and various sensors and store the obtained information in the memory unit 130. The control unit 120 may generate a virtual object based on the map information, traffic information, and vehicle position information and the I/O unit 140 a may display the generated virtual object in a window in the vehicle (1410 and 1420). The control unit 120 may determine whether the vehicle 100 normally drives within a traveling lane, based on the vehicle position information. If the vehicle 100 abnormally exits from the traveling lane, the control unit 120 may display a warning on the window in the vehicle through the I/O unit 140 a. In addition, the control unit 120 may broadcast a warning message regarding driving abnormity to neighboring vehicles through the communication unit 110. According to situation, the control unit 120 may transmit the vehicle position information and the information about driving/vehicle abnormality to related organizations.

Examples of an XR Device Applicable to the Present Disclosure

FIG. 21 illustrates an XR device applied to the present disclosure. The XR device may be implemented by an HMD, an HUD mounted in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc.

Referring to FIG. 21 , an XR device 100 a may include a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit 130, an I/O unit 140 a, a sensor unit 140 b, and a power supply unit 140 c.

The communication unit 110 may transmit and receive signals (e.g., media data and control signals) to and from external devices such as other wireless devices, hand-held devices, or media servers. The media data may include video, images, and sound. The control unit 120 may perform various operations by controlling constituent elements of the XR device 100 a. For example, the control unit 120 may be configured to control and/or perform procedures such as video/image acquisition, (video/image) encoding, and metadata generation and processing. The memory unit 130 may store data/parameters/programs/code/commands needed to drive the XR device 100 a/generate XR object. The I/O unit 140 a may obtain control information and data from the exterior and output the generated XR object. The I/O unit 140 a may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module. The sensor unit 140 b may obtain an XR device state, surrounding environment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit 140 b may include a proximity sensor, an illumination sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, an RGB sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a microphone and/or a radar. The power supply unit 140 c may supply power to the XR device 100 a and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc.

For example, the memory unit 130 of the XR device 100 a may include information (e.g., data) needed to generate the XR object (e.g., an AR/VR/MR object). The I/O unit 140 a may receive a command for manipulating the XR device 100 a from a user and the control unit 120 may drive the XR device 100 a according to a driving command of a user. For example, when a user desires to watch a film or news through the XR device 100 a, the control unit 120 transmits content request information to another device (e.g., a hand-held device 100 b) or a media server through the communication unit 130. The communication unit 130 may download/stream content such as films or news from another device (e.g., the hand-held device 100 b) or the media server to the memory unit 130. The control unit 120 may control and/or perform procedures such as video/image acquisition, (video/image) encoding, and metadata generation/processing with respect to the content and generate/output the XR object based on information about a surrounding space or a real object obtained through the I/O unit 140 a/sensor unit 140 b.

The XR device 100 a may be wirelessly connected to the hand-held device 100 b through the communication unit 110 and the operation of the XR device 100 a may be controlled by the hand-held device 100 b. For example, the hand-held device 100 b may operate as a controller of the XR device 100 a. To this end, the XR device 100 a may obtain information about a 3D position of the hand-held device 100 b and generate and output an XR object corresponding to the hand-held device 100 b.

Examples of a Robot Applicable to the Present Disclosure

FIG. 22 illustrates a robot applied to the present disclosure. The robot may be categorized into an industrial robot, a medical robot, a household robot, a military robot, etc., according to a used purpose or field.

Referring to FIG. 22 , a robot 100 may include a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit 130, an I/O unit 140 a, a sensor unit 140 b, and a driving unit 140 c. Herein, the blocks 110 to 130/140 a to 140 c correspond to the blocks 110 to 130/140 of FIG. 18 , respectively.

The communication unit 110 may transmit and receive signals (e.g., driving information and control signals) to and from external devices such as other wireless devices, other robots, or control servers. The control unit 120 may perform various operations by controlling constituent elements of the robot 100. The memory unit 130 may store data/parameters/programs/code/commands for supporting various functions of the robot 100. The I/O unit 140 a may obtain information from the exterior of the robot 100 and output information to the exterior of the robot 100. The I/O unit 140 a may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module. The sensor unit 140 b may obtain internal information of the robot 100, surrounding environment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit 140 b may include a proximity sensor, an illumination sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a microphone, a radar, etc. The driving unit 140 c may perform various physical operations such as movement of robot joints. In addition, the driving unit 140 c may cause the robot 100 to travel on the road or to fly. The driving unit 140 c may include an actuator, a motor, a wheel, a brake, a propeller, etc.

Example of AI device to which the present disclosure is applied.

FIG. 23 illustrates an AI device applied to the present disclosure. The AI device may be implemented by a fixed device or a mobile device, such as a TV, a projector, a smartphone, a PC, a notebook, a digital broadcast terminal, a tablet PC, a wearable device, a Set Top Box (STB), a radio, a washing machine, a refrigerator, a digital signage, a robot, a vehicle, etc.

Referring to FIG. 23 , an AI device 100 may include a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit 130, an I/O unit 140 a/ 140 b, a learning processor unit 140 c, and a sensor unit 140 d. The blocks 110 to 130/140 a to 140 d correspond to blocks 110 to 130/140 of FIG. 18 , respectively.

The communication unit 110 may transmit and receive wired/radio signals (e.g., sensor information, user input, learning models, or control signals) to and from external devices such as other AI devices (e.g., 100 x, 200, or 400 of FIG. 17 ) or an AI server (e.g., 400 of FIG. 17 ) using wired/wireless communication technology. To this end, the communication unit 110 may transmit information within the memory unit 130 to an external device and transmit a signal received from the external device to the memory unit 130.

The control unit 120 may determine at least one feasible operation of the AI device 100, based on information which is determined or generated using a data analysis algorithm or a machine learning algorithm. The control unit 120 may perform an operation determined by controlling constituent elements of the AI device 100. For example, the control unit 120 may request, search, receive, or use data of the learning processor unit 140 c or the memory unit 130 and control the constituent elements of the AI device 100 to perform a predicted operation or an operation determined to be preferred among at least one feasible operation. The control unit 120 may collect history information including the operation contents of the AI device 100 and operation feedback by a user and store the collected information in the memory unit 130 or the learning processor unit 140 c or transmit the collected information to an external device such as an AI server (400 of FIG. 17 ). The collected history information may be used to update a learning model.

The memory unit 130 may store data for supporting various functions of the AI device 100. For example, the memory unit 130 may store data obtained from the input unit 140 a, data obtained from the communication unit 110, output data of the learning processor unit 140 c, and data obtained from the sensor unit 140. The memory unit 130 may store control information and/or software code needed to operate/drive the control unit 120.

The input unit 140 a may acquire various types of data from the exterior of the AI device 100. For example, the input unit 140 a may acquire learning data for model learning, and input data to which the learning model is to be applied. The input unit 140 a may include a camera, a microphone, and/or a user input unit. The output unit 140 b may generate output related to a visual, auditory, or tactile sense. The output unit 140 b may include a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module. The sensing unit 140 may obtain at least one of internal information of the AI device 100, surrounding environment information of the AI device 100, and user information, using various sensors. The sensor unit 140 may include a proximity sensor, an illumination sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, an RGB sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a microphone, and/or a radar.

The learning processor unit 140 c may learn a model consisting of artificial neural networks, using learning data. The learning processor unit 140 c may perform AI processing together with the learning processor unit of the AI server (400 of FIG. 17 ). The learning processor unit 140 c may process information received from an external device through the communication unit 110 and/or information stored in the memory unit 130. In addition, an output value of the learning processor unit 140 c may be transmitted to the external device through the communication unit 110 and may be stored in the memory unit 130.

The above-described embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable to various mobile communication systems. 

1. A method of operating a relay User Equipment related to a sidelink relay in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: establishing, by the relay UE, a connection with a remote UE; transmitting or receiving, by the relay UE, a packet related to the remote UE; and declaring, by the relay UE, a Radio Link Failure (RLF), wherein the RLF is related to a Uu link, and wherein the relay UE transmits a message informing the remote UE of the RLF.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the message is related to a relay reselection trigger, wherein the RLF is based on one of a maximum retransmission number, a timer, and an RTT and wherein the transmission of the message is based on satisfying at least one of prescribed conditions related to the maximum retransmission number, the timer, and the RTT, respectively.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the prescribed conditions respectively related to the maximum retransmission number, the timer, and the RTT are configured to be satisfied before the RLF related to the Uu link is declared.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the RLF is based on the relay UE failing to receive an ACK from the base station until a first maximum retransmission number related to the Uu link is reached and wherein the prescribed condition is that the relay UE fails to receive the ACK from the base station until a second maximum retransmission number related to a sidelink is reached.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the second maximum retransmission number is smaller than the first maximum retransmission number.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the RLF is based on an occurrence of Out-of-Synch corresponding to a first value while a first timer is operating and wherein the prescribed condition is that Out-of-Synch corresponding to a second value occurs while a second timer is operating.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second timer is shorter than the first timer and wherein the second value is smaller than the first value.
 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the RLF is based on exceeding a first RTT timer and wherein the prescribed condition is that a second RTT timer is exceeded.
 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the second RTT timer is shorter than the first RTT timer.
 10. In a relay User Equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, a UE comprising: at least one processor; and at least one computer memory operably connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions for enabling the at least one processor to perform operations when executed, the operations comprising: establishing, by the relay UE, a connection with a remote UE; transmitting/receiving, by the relay UE, a packet related to the remote UE to/from a base station by the relay UE; and declaring, by the relay UE, an RLF by the relay UE, wherein the RLF is related to a Uu link, wherein the relay UE transmits a message informing the remote UE of the RLF.
 11. The UE of claim 10, wherein the UE communicates with at least one of another UE, a UE related to an autonomous vehicle, a base station, or a network.
 12. A processor performing operations for a relay User Equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, the operations comprising: establishing, by the relay UE, a connection with a remote UE; transmitting/receiving, by the relay UE, a packet related to the remote UE to/from a base station by the relay UE; and declaring, by the relay UE, an RLF by the relay UE, wherein the RLF is related to a Uu link, wherein the relay UE transmits a message informing the remote UE of the RLF.
 13. A non-volatile computer-readable storage medium storing at least one computer program enabling at least one processor to perform operations for a relay UE when executed by the at least one processor, the operations comprising: establishing, by the relay UE, a connection with a remote UE; transmitting/receiving, by the relay UE, a packet related to the remote UE to/from a base station by the relay UE; and declaring, by the relay UE, an RLF by the relay UE, wherein the RLF is related to a Uu link, wherein the relay UE transmits a message informing the remote UE of the RLF. 